Experiment
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Experiment
Atomic Spectra Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To understand the concept of diffraction of light.
- To measure and analyze the emission spectral lines of different elements.
PRINCIPLE
The source of electromagnetic radiation is atoms. When the atoms of an element are in an excited state, they return to a lower energy state by emitting electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The transition of the electrons in the atom from a higher energy level to lower unique energy levels for the occupation of electrons, due to this the EM spectrum emitted is a unique signature of an element or a substance. The study of the characteristics of EM radiation emitted by atoms is called Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.
ASE1-C -
Experiment
Brewster Angle Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- Measurement of Brewster’s angle for a given dielectric dispersive medium.
PRINCIPLE
When un-polarized light is incident on the surface of a dielectric (such as a glass), at a certain angle of incidence the reflected light is completely plane-polarized. This phenomenon was discovered by Sir David Brewster and, thus, the specific angle is called Brewster’s angle or polarization angle. Also, from the experiment, it can be confirmed that the reflected ray and the refracted ray are 90° apart when the incident angle is set at Brewster’s angle.BAE1-C -
Experiment
BH Curve Experiment
Objectives
To observe and study the magnetization behaviour of the ferromagnetic magnetic materials provided.
Principle
The B-H curve is the curve characteristic of the magnetic properties of a material or element or alloy. It tells you how the material responds to an external magnetic field, and is a critical piece of information when designing magnetic circuits. A Ferromagnetic material, retains its magnetization even after the external magnetic field is removed. And the reversal or change in the direction of the applied external magnetic field results in a change in the magnetization of the ferromagnetic material. It is seen that the change in the magnetization lags behind the change in the applied external magnetic field. Thereby, a hysteresis behaviour is exhibited.
Key Features
- Compact Setup – The apparatus design is compact and yet effective to perform the experiments with ease. The simple connections and stand to hold the teslameter probe, makes it easy to handle.
- Multiple samples included – Multiple ferromagnetic samples are provided to study the BH curves of the different materials. The removable cores make it easy to change between samples.
Equipments Needed for the Experiment
- PH94014 B- H Curve Measuring Apparatus 1
- PH64505 Multimeter 1
- PH61035D/5 Advanced Power Supply 1
- PH93240 Teslameter 1
BHC1-C -
Experiment
Beer Lambert’s Law Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To find the concentration of a liquid using the samples of known concentration using Beer lambert’s Law.
PRINCIPLE
Beer Lambert’s law relates the attenuation of light through a substance and the properties of that substance. Light interacts with matter in the following ways: emission, absorption, transmission, and reflection or scattering. Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the matter under interaction, there can be one or more ways in which light interacts. It is because of these interactions light can be used as a probe to measure the physical and chemical properties of materials.BLL1-C -
Experiment
Biot-Savart’s Law Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- Measuring the magnetic field of a straight conductor and of circular conductor loops as a function of the current.
- Measuring the magnetic field of a straight conductor as a function of the distance from the axis of the conductor.
- Measuring the magnetic field of circular conductor loops as a function of the loop radius and the distance from the loop.
PRINCIPLE
Electric currents generate magnetic fields. Biot–Savart law is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current. In this experiment, we study the magnetic field characteristics in the straight conductors and different types of circular coils.BSL1-C -
Experiment
Energy Band Gap Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To find the energy band gaps for different semiconductor diodes and LEDs
PRINCIPLE
At an absolute zero-degree temperature, semiconductors are pure insulators. As the temperature is increased thermal energy creates vibrations in the crystal lattice and a few electrons, which acquire sufficient vibrational energy break their covalent bond, become free, and move to the conduction band. The energy required to rapture the covalent bond is designated as energy gap EG and termed as energy gap or band gap energy.
EBG1-C -
Experiment
Faraday Effect Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- Observe the effect of a magnetic field on the plane of polarization of polarized light as it passes through a dispersive medium.
- Measure the Verdet’s constant of a given dispersive material.
PRINCIPLE
When linearly polarized light passes through an optical medium in a region of the strong magnetic field, the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light rotates by an angle. The angle of rotation of plane-polarized light is proportional to the length of the optical medium and component of the magnetic field in the direction of light. The factor of proportionality is medium-specific and is called Verdet’s constant. And this effect is known as the Faraday Rotation or Faraday Effect. Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845, the Faraday effect was the first experimental evidence that light and electromagnetism are related. In the experimental setup, the optical medium is an SF6 glass cube.FEE1-C -
Experiment
Interferometer Experiment
Objectives
- To produce and observe the interference pattern.
- To measure the wavelength of laser source using the interferometer.
Principle
Phenomena of interference can be explained by the principle of superposition. Consider two E.M waves simultaneously propagating through the same region of space. The resultant electric field at any point in that region of space is the vector sum of the electric field of each wave. Depending on the strength of the resulting electric field at a point in space where the two waves superpose, we observe dark and bright regions in the interference pattern.
Key Features
- Easy to Setup – The apparatus is built on a sturdy and portable platform. The legs are height adjustable to aid leveling of the platform & precise optical alignment of the laser beam. All this reduces the time taken for setup and aids the ease of measurements.
- High quality beam splitter and reflective mirrors – The setup comes with 40 x 40 x 40mm beam splitter cube and 40 x 40mm (98% highly reflective) mirrors for clear fringe pattern.
- 1 micron step movement – The complex double lever mechanism enables a least count of 1 micron in movement of the fixed mirror. Measurement error is less than 5% in wavelength measurement.
INT1-C -
Experiment
Malus Law Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To experimentally verify malus’s law.
PRINCIPLE
Light, when modeled as a wave phenomenon, can be classified as a transverse electromagnetic wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are oriented perpendicular to each other. Depending on the orientation of the plane of polarization of the electric field with respect to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave can be classified as polarized or un-polarized. To measure the variation of transmission of an EM wave through two polarizers as a function of the angle of orientation between them and prove Malus’s Law.MLE1-C -
Experiment, Higher Science
Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus
Supertek’s Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus is a contemporary version of the classic design which allows the students to observe the velocity of an oil drop rising and falling in an electric filed. The apparatus is equipped with camera which allows the user to connect it with the computer screen for an easy viewing of the droplets. It permits the calculation of the force acting on the charge carried by the oil drop.
What’s Included
1x Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus
1x Non-Volatile Oil
1x Multimeter
1x StopwatchExperiments
To determine the charge of an electron by Millikan’s Oil Drop MethodMLK1-C -
Experiment
Photoconductivity Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To study the photoconductivity of CdS Photoresistor, in the following conditions:
- Applied voltage vs photocurrent (IPH) at constant irradiance (Φ).
- Photocurrent (IPH) vs irradiance (Φ) at a constant applied voltage (V).
PRINCIPLE
The phenomenon of photoconductivity occurs when an incident light shown upon a semiconductor causes an increase in its electrical conductivity. This is because of the excitation of electrons across the energy gap into the conduction band, which leads to an increase in the number of free carriers in the conduction band, hence, an increase in the conductivity of the semiconductor. Here, we can study the characteristics of the CdS photoresistor under different conditions of light intensity and applied voltage.PCE1-C -
Experiment
Pin Diode Characteristics Experiment
OBJECTIVES
- To study the response of PIN diode, in the following conditions:
- Photocurrent (Iph) vs Applied voltage at constant irradiance (Φ) under Reverse biased condition of the PIN diode.
- Current (I) vs Voltage (V) under forward bias condition of the PIN diode.
PRINCIPLE
The PN-Junction diodes, though versatile, have a few limitations regarding the amount of current they could handle before breakdown and also have low switching frequency, low power handling capacity, and low quantum efficiency. To overcome all these issues PIN diode was designed. PIN diodes are also extensively used as photo diodes in PIN photodiode configuration and are very important in optical fiber communication.
PIN1-C
